Genetic Diversity Analysis of Indigenous Goat Breeds Using Microsatellite Markers
Keywords:
Genetic, Diversity, Goat, Breeds, Microsatellite, MarkersAbstract
Background: Indigenous goat breeds represent valuable reservoirs of locally adapted genetic diversity shaped by long-term natural and human selection across diverse agro-ecological environments. Objective: This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity, population structure, and phylogenetic relationships among four indigenous Iraqi goat breeds (Meriz, Hilla, Shami, and Black Desert) in comparison with the imported Saanen breed, using a panel of fifteen FAO-recommended microsatellite markers. Methods: A total of 230 blood samples were collected from five populations (50 animals per indigenous breed and 30 Saanen individuals). Genomic DNA was extracted using a modified salting-out protocol and genotyped across 15 fluorescently labelled microsatellite loci. Standard genetic diversity indices, population differentiation parameters, and clustering analyses were performed using established population genetics software. Results: All loci were polymorphic, with a mean of 8.31 ± 0.87 alleles per locus. Expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.664 in the Saanen breed to 0.778 in the Shami breed, indicating substantial within-breed diversity. Moderate genetic differentiation was observed among indigenous breeds (FST = 0.068–0.126), while higher differentiation was detected between local breeds and the Saanen population (FST = 0.186–0.238). Population structure and phylogenetic analyses consistently revealed clear genetic clustering corresponding to breed origin. Conclusion: Iraqi indigenous goat breeds exhibit considerable genetic diversity and distinct population structure, reflecting their unique evolutionary history and adaptation to diverse environments. These findings highlight the importance of implementing targeted conservation and management strategies, with particular emphasis on the Black Desert breed due to its genetic distinctiveness and the Shami breed due to its high diversity.
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